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ACTIVITIES UNITS 3 AND 4. SOLUTIONS.

UNIT 3. ACTIVITIES.

 

 

 
1.

 

With an A

A young mountain range located between the Italian peninsula and the rest of Europe.

Alps

With an A

A cape located in the Antarctic continent.

Cape adare

With a B

A big peninsula located in the south of Europe.

Balkan peninsula

With a B

A young mountain range located in the Balkan Peninsula.

Balkans

With a C

A peninsula located in the north of Australia

Cape York Peninsula

With a D

One of the largest river in Europe. It flows into the Black Sea

Danube

With an E

The highest peak in Europe

Elbrus

With an F

A gulf located in the Baltic Sea

Gulf of Finland.

With a G

A gulf located next to the Italian peninsula

Gulf of Genoa

With a G

A huge plain that occupy most of the eastern europe

Great European plain.

With a G

A huge mountain range located in the eastern part of Australai

Great Dividing Range.

Contains an H

A young mountain range located in the eastern part of Europe

Carphatian mountains

With an H

A mountain range located in the western part of Australia

Hammersley range

With an I

A big península located in the south of Europe. It has the shape of a boot.

Italian Peninsula

With an I

An island located next to the western coast of the European continent. It is known as the “emerald island”.

Ireland.

With an J

An old massif located in the western part of Europe.

Jura

With a M

And old massif located in the western part of Europe

Massif Central

With an M

A mountain range located in the center of Australia

Macdonnel Range

With an M

Another river located in Oceania

Murray

With an N

A sea located between Great Britain and the Scandinavian Peninsula.

North Sea

 

 

 

 

 

 

With a P

A river located in the Italian peninsula

Po

Contains a P

A river that flows into the Black Sea

Dnieper

With an R

A important european river that flows into the North Sea between the River Seine and the Elbe

Rhine

With an R

A sea located in the Antarctic continent

Ross sea

With an S

A river located in the western part of Europe. It flows into the Atlantic Ocean

Seine

With a T

A sea located between New Zealand and Australia

Tasman Sea

With a T

The largest river of the Iberian Peninsula

Tagus (Tajo)

With a  U

A mountain range located between Asia and Europe.

Ural Mountains.

With a V

The highest peak of the Antarctica continent.

Vinson Massif

With an V

The longest river in Europe. It flows into the Caspian Sea.

Volga

  2.

 

3. HANGMAN.

And old massif located in the Scandinavian Peninsula.

SCANDINAVIAN MOUNTAINS.

The highest peak in Europe.

ELBRUS.

A big european island located in the Mediterranean Sea and triangular shaped.

SICILY

A gulf located between the Iberian Peninsula and the Britanny península.

BAY OF BISCAY.

A cape located in the northern of the Scandinavian Peninsula.

NORTH CAPE.

A sea located between the Italian Peninsula and the Balkan Peninsula.

ADRIATIC SEA.

A river located in the italian península which flows into the Tyrrhenian sea.
TIBER RIVER.    r    

UNIT 4. ACTIVITIES.

ACTIVITIES:

1. Indicate which of these phrases refers to weather and which to climate.

a). The summers in Madrid are very hot and almost without precipitations. CLIMATE.
b). The evening was cloudy and windy in London yesterday. WEATHER.
c). Weather is always hot and rainy in Indonesia. CLIMATE
d). This June has been hotter than usual in Seville. WEATHER.
e). They said that winters are very cold in Bergen. CLIMATE.
f). Last week was raining all the time in Barcelone. WHEATER.

2. Match the definitions with the right word:

 

a). The layer in which take place the weather phenomena.

b). The hottest layer of the atmosphere.

c). The coldest layer of the atmosphere.

d). The last layer of the atmosphere, located at an altitude of between 500 and 10.000 kilometres.

e). The layer in which the ozone layer is located.

 

 

 

3. Correct answers:

a), 4; b), 3; c), 2; d), 1; e, 5.

1.         Exosphere.

2.        Mesosphere.

3.         Ionosphere.

4.     Trosposphere.

5.         Stratosphere.

 

 

4.

 

 

 

5. Identify the elements highlighted in the map and answer these questions:

 

a). How is going to be the weather in the zone surrounded by a circle: sunny, cloudy? Is going to rain? Explain why.

b) What does mean the numbers that appear in the lines of the map?

 

a) As you can see a huge área of high pressure (anticyclone) is located over the Iberian Peninsula, because of this the weather is going to be sunny and without precipitations, nevertheless in the northwestern part of the Peninsula appears a hot front which is going to produces rainfalls.

b) The numbers represent the atmospheric pressure that correspond to the isobar in which they are located. A number greater than 1.013 indicates an area of high pressure, whereas a number smaller than 1. 1013 indicates an area of low pressure.

 

 

6. Review game.

 

 

With an A

A device use to measure the speed of the wind.

Anemometer

With a B

a extensive región characterised by its own climatic features and vegetation.

Bioclimate

With a C

science which study the various types of climate.

Climatology

With a D

An area of low atmospheric pressure

Depression

With an E

vegetation (trees and shrubs) which retain their leaves during all the year.

evergreen

With an F

areas of contact between two air massess with different characteristics

front

With a G

A vegetal fomartion composed of grass.

Grassland

With a H

Area of contact between two air masses in which a depression advances upon a anticyclone. It is represented with a red line with semicircles.

Hot front.

With an I

lines that connect all the points with the same temperature

Isotherm

Contains  an I

A factor that explain why the average temperature in the Alps is lower than in the Great European plain.

altitude

With an L

Factor that explain why the average annual temperature in Madrid is higher than in London.

Latitude

With a M

The coldest layer of the atmosphere.

Mesosphere

With an M

A seasonal wind typical of the South East of Asia.

Monssons

Contains a N

One of the layers of the atmosphere. It is the hottest part of it.

Ionosphere

With an O

A gas that protects Earth against the ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.

Ozone

With a P

Fall of water from the clouds onto the Earth’s surface.

Precipitation

With an R

Precipitation in liquid state.

Rainfall

Contains an S

Factor that explains why the average precipitation level in the interior of the Peninsula Iberica is lower than in the coast.

Distance from the sea

With a T

The layer of the atmosphere located next to the Earth Surface. Is a part of the biosphere

Troposphere

With a T

A climatic zone characterized by high precipitation levels and high average temperatures.

Torrid zone

Contains an X

The most exterior layer of the atmosphere.

Exosphere

Contains a Y

Imaginary lines that connect all the poinst with the same precipitation levels.

Isoyeths

With a W

Device use to determine the direction of the wind.

Weather vane.

 
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UNIT 1. THE EARTH AND THE UNIVERSE

UNIT 1. EARTH IN THE UNIVERSE.

What’ the Universe?
The Universe is all the matter, energy, space an time that exists. It is about 15.000 million years old:

●       it is expanding.

●       It began with a huge explosion, the Big Bang.

●       It made up of:

  1. galaxies: groups of stars, gas and cosmic dust which gravity holds together.
  2. globular cluster: large groups of stars.
  3. nebulae:accumulation of cosmic matter and gas.
    1.      2. What are galaxies made of?

Astronomical objects are the different components of a galaxy. We can distinguish between:

•        Stars: astronomical objects that emit light. They are burning balls of gas that reléase large amounts of energy.

•        Planets: don’t emit their own light and orbit around a star. Are made of rock, metal, ice and gas.

•        Satellites: astronomical objects that orbit a planet and are smaller than a planet.

•        Comets are small astronomical objects made of ice, dust and rock that orbit the Sun.

•        Asteroids are small objects that orbit the Sun and made of metal and rock.

•        Meteorites are asteroids or comets which fall to Earth.

1.      3. The Milky Way.

The Milky Way is our Galaxy. It’s a large spiral galaxy and our own solar system is in one of its spiral arms. It has a diameter of around 200.000 light years.

2.THE EARTH’S MOVEMENTS.

The Earth is constantly moving in two different ways: rotation and revolution.

2. 1. Rotation.

Earth spins on its axis in an anti-clockwise direction (west to east). The Sun rises in the East and sets in the West.

Has a length of 24 hours.

The Earth’s axis is tilted at and 23.5ºC. This explains:

•        Sucession of day and night.

•        Regulation of the temperature of the planet.

2. 2. Revolution.

The Earth orbits around the Sun on an elliptical path.

Length: 365 days and 6 hours, because of this we have a leap year, a year with 366 days every four years.

Consequence:

The apparition of the Seasons of the year:

•        When the North Pole is tilted towards the Sun’s rays the days in the Northern Hemisphere are longer and warmer; its summer, meanwhile in the Southern Hemisphere its summer.

•        In spring and autumn, neither pole is tilted away from the Sun and days and nights has the same lenght.

2. 3. Equinox and solstices.

Equinox is the time of the year when the Sun's rays falls perpendicular to the Equator. There are two:

•        Spring equinox (21-22 March) it is the start of the spring in the Northern Hemisphere and of the autumn in the Southern Hemisphere.

•        Autum equinox (September 22-23) it is the start of the autumn in the Northern Hemisphere and of the spring in the Southern.

Solstice is the time of the year when the Sun's rays hits one of the hemispheres directly. There are two:

•        Summer solstice (June 22-23) it is the longest day of the year and the start of the summer in the Northern Hemisphere and of the winter in the Southern.

•        Winter equinox (December 21-22) it is the shortest day of the year in the Norhtern Hemishphere and the start of the winter. In the Southern is the start of the Summer.

2.      4. The Moon.

The Moon is Earth’s only natural satellite. The light of the Moon is a reflection of the Sun’s lifht, because of this the part of the Moon lit up depends on the position of the Moon, the Earth and the Son.

There are four phases of the Moon that happen over 29.5 days:

·        New moon: the Moon is completely dark.

·        Fist quarter: a half of the Moon is lit and the lit part is growing

·        Full moon: the Moon is completey lit.

·        Third quarter: a half of the Moon is lit and the lit part is decreasing.

4. PARALLELS AND MERIDIANS.

To locate any point on earth we draw a series of imaginary lines to create a grid. There are two types: parallels and meridians.

A parallel is a imaginary circle we draw around Earth perpendicular to its axis. The most important ones are:

•        Equator its divides Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

•        The Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere.

•        The Artic Circle in the Northern Hemisphere and the Antartic Hemisphere in the Southern Hemisphere.

We can distinguish several climate zones on Earth limited by paralles:

•        A hot zone between the Equator and the Tropics is the hottest región.

•        Two temperate zones between the tropics and Artic and Antartic circles.

•        Two cold zones within the Artic and Antartic circles.

Meridians are imaginary lines that we draw from the Northern to the Southern Hemispheres.

The main meridian is the Greenwich Meridian that divides Earth into the Western and the Eastern Hemisphere.

Latitude and longitude.

•        Latitude is the distance north or south from the Equator of any point on Earth. Can be North or South. The maximum latitude is 90º (degrees).

•        Longitude is the distance east or west from the Greenwich Meridian of any point on Earth. The maximum longitude is 180º.

Every degree is divided into 60 minutes and a every minute into 60 seconds.

5. TIME ZONES.

A time zone is an area of the Earth where everyone share the same time. Because the Earth takes 24 hours to complete a full rotation the Earth is divided in 24 time zones.

As a reference to measure we use the Greenwich Meridian (Greenwich Mean Time). Each time zone to the west of the Greenwich Meridian is behind the GMT and each time zone to the East is ahead the GMT.

6. REPRESENTING THE EARTH.

The most accurate way to represent the Earth is on a globe because is a sphere, but we need to project the Earth on to a flat Surface.

A map projection is a technique that allow to represent the curve of the Earth on a flat surface.

There are three types of map projections, but all of them have distortions:

•        Cylindrical projection: projects the whole globe on to a cylinder using the Equator as a line of contact. Land masses near the Equator are accurate but the ones near the poles are distorted.

•        Conic projection: Projects a half of the globe on to a cone using the tropics as a line of contact. Represents the temperate zones most accurately.

•        Azimuthal projection: Project a part of the globe on to a flat surface. We use the poles as the points of contact and it’s ideal for mapping the polar regions.

The most commonly uses projections today are:

•        Mercator projection maintains the shape of land masses and seas, but away from the Equator land masses appear bigger that they really are.

•        Gall-Peters projection maintaint the true sizes of the contintents but distorts their shape.

7. MAPS.

•        A map is a reduced representation of the Earth, or a part of the Earth, usually on a flat surface.

•        Cartography is the study and practice of making maps.

•        Cartographer is a person who makes maps.

Scale.

The scale is the relationship between the size of something on a map and its real size. We uses to kinds of scale:

•        Numerical scale is a fraction. The numerator represents a measurements on a map and the denominator represent what that measurement is equal to it in reality.

•        Graphic scale is a line divided into equal segments. Each segment shows us the relationship between measurement on the map and the distance in reality.

The key of a map lists and explain all the symbols of a map.

8. DIFFERENT TYPES OF MAPS.

We use different type os maps to do different things. The main types are:

•        Topographic maps: maps that show the physical geography of a landscape in a great detail:

Show relief using contour lines: lines joinig points of equal elevation in relation to sea level.
Show rivers, lakes and seas along with elements of human geography.
·        Thematic maps show different types of data (population, vegation, etc) connecting it to the geographical área. There are different types: demographic, political, etc.

The national map of Spain is the National Topographic Map produced by the Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN). Has a scale of 1:50.000